How Pennsylvania compares
Ranked against the other 49 states on the figures we hold. Rates that combine state and local components — sales tax, the minimum wage where it varies by region — are shown on this page but not ranked, because a single number would misstate them.
| Figure | PA | Nationally | In its region |
|---|---|---|---|
| PopulationUS Census Bureau, 2023 | 12,961,683 | 5th highest of 50 | 2 of 11 |
| GDP ($bn)Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2023 | 921 | 6th highest of 50 | 2 of 11 |
| Median household incomeUS Census Bureau, 2023 | $67,587 | 28th highest of 50 | 11 of 11 |
| Unemployment rateBureau of Labor Statistics, 2025 | 3.4% | tied 23rd lowest of 50 | 6 of 11 |
| Foreign-born shareUS Census Bureau, 2023 | 7.6% | 25th highest of 50 | 9 of 11 |
| Property tax rateconfirm with the Pennsylvania legislature | 1.36% | 38th lowest of 50 | 5 of 11 |
| Deposit return window (days)confirm with the Pennsylvania legislature | 30 | tied 16th lowest of 50 | 5 of 11 |
| Eviction notice (days)confirm with the Pennsylvania legislature | 10 | tied 12th highest of 50 | 8 of 11 |
| Final pay deadline (days)confirm with the Pennsylvania legislature | 0 | tied 1st lowest of the 30 states that set one | 1 of 7 |
- State income tax: yes41 of 50 states answer the same way
- At-will employment: yesthe same in all 50 states — it does not set Pennsylvania apart
- Paid sick leave required: no30 of 50 states answer the same way
- Paid family leave: no37 of 50 states answer the same way
- Workers' comp required: yes49 of 50 states answer the same way
- Rent control permitted: no46 of 50 states answer the same way
- Annual report required: no4 of 50 states answer the same way
Statistical figures: US Census Bureau (2023) · Bureau of Economic Analysis (2023) · Bureau of Labor Statistics (2025) · Small Business Administration (2023). Tax, wage, business and tenancy figures are recorded from state sources without a per-figure date — confirm anything you are about to act on with the Pennsylvania legislature.
How long you have in Pennsylvania
The periods that decide whether something is on time. Days are calendar days unless the underlying rule says otherwise.
- Return a security deposit within
- 30 days
- Eviction notice before filing
- 10 days
- Final paycheck within
- 0 days
- LLC formation processed in
- 3-5 business days
- Overtime starts after
- 40 hrs/week
AI Legal Insights — Pennsylvania
AI-generated · Updated July 2026
Pennsylvania operates under a dual court system consisting of local courts and the Commonwealth's unified judicial system, including the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The state is known for its robust consumer protection laws enforced by the Office of Attorney General and specific statutes governing landlord-tenant relations.
The state offers a diverse economy with strong sectors in healthcare, manufacturing, and energy, particularly in the Marcellus Shale region. While the flat income tax is relatively simple, businesses must navigate various local municipal taxes and a regulatory environment that varies significantly between Philadelphia and rural counties.
Pennsylvania hosts a diverse immigrant population, with significant communities in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. While the state does not have statewide sanctuary laws, many local municipalities have adopted specific policies regarding immigrant services and local law enforcement cooperation.
- ›Ensure all contracts involving real estate comply with the Pennsylvania Statute of Frauds, which requires certain agreements to be in writing.
- ›Be mindful of the Pennsylvania Uniform Consumer Protection Law (UCPL) when drafting consumer-facing agreements to avoid claims of unfair or deceptive practices.
- ›Specify whether disputes will be settled in state or federal court, noting that Pennsylvania has distinct jurisdictional rules for its various judicial districts.
AI-generated insights · Verify with a licensed attorney before relying on this information.
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Employment Laws
Pennsylvania labor regulations
Pennsylvania is an at-will employment state. The minimum wage matches the federal $7.25/hr — one of the lowest in the northeast. No state paid sick leave or paid family leave law applies statewide.
| Law | PA Rule | Federal Floor |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Wage | $7.25/hr (matches federal; no state increase enacted) | $7.25/hr |
| Overtime | After 40 hrs/week; PA overtime rules mirror FLSA | FLSA: after 40 hrs/week at 1.5x regular rate |
| Paid Sick Leave | No state mandate; Philadelphia requires 1 hr per 40 hrs worked (up to 40 hrs/yr) | No federal mandate |
| Paid Family Leave | No state program | FMLA: up to 12 weeks unpaid for qualifying employers |
| Workers' Compensation | Required for all employers; PA Workers' Compensation Act covers work-related injuries | Federal employees covered under FECA |
| At-Will Employment | Yes — employer or employee may terminate at any time for any lawful reason | Default nationwide; federal anti-discrimination laws apply |
| Final Paycheck | Next regular payday following separation | Next regular payday (FLSA) |
| Meal & Rest Breaks | Minors (under 18): 30-min break after 5 hrs; no requirement for adults | No federal adult break requirement; paid short breaks (≤20 min) must be compensated |
- Philadelphia requires paid sick leave (40 hrs/year)
- Pittsburgh employers with 15+ employees must provide paid sick leave
Sources: U.S. Department of Labor · NCSL 2025 · State labor agency
Landlord-Tenant Laws
Pennsylvania rental regulations
Pennsylvania landlord-tenant law is governed by the Landlord and Tenant Act of 1951. Deposit limits apply on a sliding scale and security deposit interest is required after 2 years.
| Topic | PA Rule |
|---|---|
| Security Deposit Limit | Year 1: up to 2 months rent; Year 2+: reduced to 1 month rent (PA Landlord-Tenant Act §250.511a) |
| Deposit Return | Landlord must return deposit within 30 days of move-out with itemized written list of deductions |
| Rent Control | No rent control in Pennsylvania; state law does not authorize local rent regulation |
| Eviction Notice (Non-Payment) | 10-day written notice to quit before landlord may file for eviction in Magisterial District Court |
| Habitability | Landlords must maintain fit and habitable premises; tenants may withhold rent or repair-and-deduct after proper notice if landlord fails to remedy conditions |
| Retaliation Protection | Landlords may not retaliate against tenants for complaining to code enforcement or exercising legal rights (PA Landlord-Tenant Act §250.205) |
Both landlords and tenants have enforceable rights under Pennsylvania law. Document all communications and keep copies of your lease agreement. Use AI review to spot risky clauses before signing.
Starting a Business
Pennsylvania LLC formation guide
Pennsylvania levies a flat 3.07% personal income tax and an 8.99% corporate net income tax (one of the highest in the nation, though being phased down to 4.99% by 2031). LLCs are formed with the Department of State for $125, and no annual report is required. The state has no state-level franchise tax on LLCs.
Step-by-step LLC formation
- 1Choose a business name — must include "LLC," "L.L.C.," or "Limited Liability Company"; check availability at business.pa.gov
- 2File a Certificate of Organization (DSCB:15-8821) with the PA Department of State online or by mail
- 3Pay the $125 non-refundable filing fee (online via PA Business One-Stop Shop)
- 4Designate a registered agent — must have a physical Pennsylvania street address (not a P.O. Box)
- 5Publish a notice of LLC formation in two newspapers of general circulation in the county of the registered office (required in some counties including Philadelphia and Allegheny)
- 6Obtain an EIN from the IRS — free at irs.gov (required for banking, hiring, and PA tax registration)
- 7Register for PA state taxes at mypath.pa.gov — required if you have employees or collect sales tax
- 8Obtain required local business licenses and permits from the city or county where you operate
Every LLC also needs a free EIN from the IRS (Form SS-4). Apply online at irs.gov — takes about 15 minutes and is required to open a business bank account.
Popular IRS Forms
Most-filed federal forms for Pennsylvania taxpayers
Fill these out online with plain-English guidance — every field explained, no accountant required. Download as a ready-to-file PDF when done.
The main annual federal income tax return every taxpayer files.
Fill out free →Give your SSN or EIN to a client before getting paid as a contractor.
Fill out free →Report $600+ paid to independent contractors during the year.
Fill out free →Tell your employer how much federal tax to withhold from pay.
Fill out free →Report income and expenses from a sole proprietorship or LLC.
Fill out free →Report payroll taxes withheld from employees each quarter.
Fill out free →Get an automatic 6-month extension to file your 1040.
Fill out free →The year-end wage statement employers issue to each employee.
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Federal Offices
United States government offices in Pennsylvania
Walk-in assistance by appointment only. Call (844) 545-5640 to schedule, or book online at irs.gov.
Immigration appointments via my.uscis.gov or call (800) 375-5283.
Free Legal Aid
Pennsylvania legal assistance organizations
These organizations provide free or reduced-cost civil legal services to qualifying Pennsylvania residents.
Free civil legal help for low-income Philadelphians in housing, benefits, and employment
Free civil legal services for low-income residents in Western Pennsylvania
Statewide network connecting Pennsylvanians to free civil legal assistance
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Free AI contract review →Latest Tax & Business News
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Pennsylvania legal & business FAQ
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